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  6. Kidney stones

Kidney stones

A kidney stone is a hard, stone-like mass that can form in one or both kidneys. Most people are born with two kidneys, organs that "clean" the blood. They filter out water and waste products, making urine.
 
Kidney stones are formed out of crystals found in the urine. In most cases, the crystals are too tiny to be noticed, and pass harmlessly out of the body. However, they can build up inside the kidney and form much larger stones. If a stone grows big enough to block the flow of urine out of the kidney, it can cause pressure, pain, and infection. If a stone moves out of the kidney with the flow of urine, it can cause severe pain as it moves through the tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the bladder. If a stone gets stuck, an infection can arise. Depending on its size and position, an untreated kidney stone could cause permanent damage to the kidneys.
 
Kidney stones are fairly common. About 1% of people in Western countries are likely to get them. Depending on where they are found, kidney stones are also known as renal calculi, urinary calculi, urinary tract stone disease, nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis, and ureterolithiasis.
 

Causes of kidney stones

Different kinds of salts in the urine form different kinds of kidney stones:
 
1) Calcium stones
 
These are the most common. They are made of calcium and oxalate, which are chemicals found naturally in certain foods (See "Prevention" below for examples of these foods). A diet with a high content of calcium and oxalate can increase the concentration of these chemicals in the urine and make it more likely for stones to form. Other factors include: 
  • Vitamin D overdose
  • overactive parathyroid glands
  • conditions such as cancer, some kidney diseases, or a disease called sarcoidosis
2) Uric acid stones
 
Excess amounts of uric acid can be caused by eating a lot of meat. Conditions such as gout and treatments such as chemotherapy can also increase the risk of getting uric acid stones.
 
3) Struvite stones (also called infection stones)
 
These are caused by having too much ammonia in the urine (a chemical produced by the bacteria that cause urinary tract infections). This kind of stone is most often found in women.
 
4) Cystine stones
 
These are caused by a rare hereditary disorder called cystinuria, which affects about 1% of men and women. 
 
Some people are more likely to get kidney stones than others. Men are more prone than women, and people who have had one kidney stone have a 60% chance of getting another stone within 7 years. Other factors include:
  • a family history of kidney stones
  • being between 20 and 40 years old
  • take certain medicines such as diuretics (water tablets), antacids and thyroid medications
  • having only one kidney
  • eating a diet high in protein but very low in fibre
  • not drinking enough fluids
  • getting dehydrated through living or working in a hot place
  • having poor mobility (eg confined to bed)
 

Symptoms of kidney stones

Many kidney stones don't move and are too small to cause symptoms. These are often referred to as "silent" stones.
 
If a kidney stone causes a blockage, or moves down the ureter, it can cause some of the following symptoms:
  • pain or aching in the back or one or both sides
  • spasms of intense pain (anywhere between the bottom of the ribs and the groin)
  • bloody, cloudy or smelly urine
  • nausea and vomiting
  • frequent urge to urinate
  • a burning sensation during urination
  • fever and chills
These can also be symptoms of a urinary tract infection, such as cystitis, which is much more common in young women than kidney stone. If you have one or more of these symptoms, see your doctor.
 

Diagnosis of kidney stones

Doctors can usually diagnose a kidney stone by asking about the symptoms and doing a physical examination. Further tests may be done to confirm the diagnosis, reveal the size and location of the stone, and identify the type of stone. These include:
  • Blood tests: to identify excess amounts of certain chemicals related to the formation of stones
  • Urine analysis: patients may be asked to collect urine over 24 hours to see if there is a high concentration of the chemicals that cause stones
  • X-rays: calcium stones show up white on the X-ray
  • Intravenous pyelography (IVP): an X-ray involving an injection of special dye to show up stones that can't be seen with X-rays alone
  • Ultrasound: uses high frequency sound waves to produce an image of the internal organs
 

Treatment of kidney stones

Treatment depends on the type and cause of the stone. Most stones can be treated without surgery. Drinking a lot of water (2.5 to 3 litres per day) and staying physically active are often enough to move a stone out of the body.

However, if there is infection or blockage, or a risk of kidney damage, a stone should always be removed. Any infection is treated with antibiotics first. Stones that are too large to pass can be removed in several ways:

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

This is the most common method and does not involve a surgical operation. Instead, shock waves are used to break the stones into crystals small enough to be passed in the urine. The shock waves do not hurt, although some people feel some discomfort afterwards.

Ureteroscopic stone removal

If a stone is lodged in the ureter, a flexible narrow instrument called a cystoscope can be passed up through the urethra and bladder. The stone is "caught" and removed, or shattered into tiny pieces with a shock wave. This procedure usually involves a general anaesthetic.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy

If ESWL doesn't work or a stone is particularly large, it may be surgically removed under general anaesthetic. The surgeon makes a small cut in the back and uses a telescopic instrument called a nephroscope to pull the stone out or break it up with shock waves.

Parathyroid surgery

Kidney stones caused by chemical imbalance resulting from over-activity of the parathyroid glands (in the neck), is often due to a small benign tumour that can be surgically removed.

 

Prevention of kidney stones

Knowing the exact cause and kind of stone enables people to make changes that can help prevent further stones.
 
To help prevent any type of stone, fluid intake should be 2.5 to 3 litres per day. Water is best.
 
People who get calcium stones should cut down on foods that have high levels of oxalates (meat, chicken, fish, asparagus, nuts and berries, chocolate, cooked spinach, rhubarb, tea and coffee). However, not everyone will benefit from cutting down their calcium intake. It's important to first discuss any dietary changes with a doctor.
 
Those who get uric acid stones should eat less meat, fish and poultry. Preventative medicine may be also be prescribed to control the level of acid in the urine.
 
People who get "infection" stones need to keep the urine free of bacteria that can cause infection. This may involve taking long-term antibiotics.
 

Disclaimer

This information was published by Bupa Group's Health Content Team and has been reviewed by appropriate medical or clinical professionals. To the best of their knowledge the information is current and based on reputable sources of medical evidence, however Bupa (Asia) Limited makes no representation or warranty as to the completeness or accuracy of the Content.

The information on this page, and any information on third party websites referred to on this page, is provided as a guide only. It should not be relied upon as a substitute for professional medical advice, nor is it intended to be used for medical diagnosis or treatment. Bupa (Asia) Limited is not liable for any loss or damage you suffer arising out of the use of, or reliance on, the information.

Third party websites are not owned or controlled by Bupa and any individual may be able to access and post messages on them. Bupa is not responsible for the content or availability of these third party websites. Last updated August 2017.

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