Gastroscopy

A gastroscopy usually takes about 10-15 minutes. The procedure will not hurt but may feel uncomfortable to begin with. As the endoscope passes through your oesophagus, and not the trachea (windpipe), you will be able to breathe normally throughout the procedure.

Preparing for the procedure

For the doctor to get a clear view through the endoscope, the stomach needs to be empty. To achieve this, you will need to avoid eating for three to four hours before the test but can sip clear fluids for up to two hours before the test.

Sedation and pain relief

Modern endoscopes are thin and quite easy to swallow. The doctor may spray a local anaesthetic into the back of your throat or give you a lozenge to suck to numb the throat area.

In some cases, you and your doctor may decide that you need a sedative. Your doctor will explain what to expect, but it generally involves an injection into a vein in the back of the hand. Almost immediately, this will make you feel relaxed and drowsy.

Consent

Before you have an endoscopy, you will be given a consent form to sign. By doing this, you confirm that you understand what will happen during the procedure and give your permission for it to go ahead. Many patients feel uncomfortable with the idea that a procedure may involve risks, but to make an informed choice, you need to know about the possible risks before you give consent.

Gastroscopy is a very commonly performed and generally safe procedure. For most people, the benefits of having a clear diagnosis, or quick and effective treatment are much greater than any disadvantages. However, like all invasive medical procedures, there are some risks. These can be divided into the risk of side-effects and the risk of complications.

Side-effects

These are the unwanted, but usually mild and temporary, effects of a successful procedure. After a gastroscopy, you may feel bloated, but this usually clears up quite quickly. If you have a sedative, it may make you feel sleepy.

Complications

Your doctor will be very experienced at performing endoscopies but, even so, a few are not successfully completed and may need to be repeated.

Other complications are uncommon, but it is possible for the oesophagus, stomach or intestine to be damaged or, in rare and extreme cases, perforated during the procedure. This can lead to bleeding and infection, which may require treatment with medicines or surgery.

The chance of complications depends on the exact type of procedure you are having and other factors such as your general health. You should ask your specialist to explain how these risks apply to you.

You may be asked to take off your shirt or top and put on a hospital gown. If you have them, you should also remove false teeth, contact lenses or jewellery, which will be kept safe for you during the procedure. To help ensure you are as comfortable as possible, and to provide reassurance, a nurse will stay with you throughout.

If a sedative has been given, the procedure will not start until it has taken effect. With you resting comfortably on your side, on a bed or examining couch, the endoscope will be carefully inserted into your mouth. The natural swallowing action will help the endoscope pass into the gullet and down towards the stomach.

Air will be passed through the tube and into the stomach to make the lining easier to see. When this happens, you may briefly feel a sensation of fullness or nausea. At the end of the endoscope, a tiny light and lens enable the doctor to see if any disease is present. If necessary, the doctor will take a small biopsy of tissue for analysis. This is a quick and painless process, using specialist instruments that can be passed inside the endoscope.

When the examination is finished, the endoscope is removed quickly and easily.

After the gastroscopy

You will rest in a full-length chair or on a bed for about half an hour, or longer if youve had a sedative. The nursing staff will be on hand to make sure you are comfortable.

Going home

The effects of any sedative may last longer than you expect, so you should not drive, operate machinery or drink alcohol for 24 hours after your examination. This means that you will have to arrange for someone to take you home and stay with you for the first day.

Once home, its sensible to take it easy for the next 24 hours. Most patients feel able to resume normal activities on the following day.

Results

If you have a biopsy, the results will be ready several days later and will usually be sent in a report to the doctor who recommended the test. Other findings can be discussed before you leave the hospital. After having a sedative, it may be a good idea to have someone with you when you are told the results, as you may not remember them afterwards.